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Content Article
The investigator’s toolkit: FRAM (9 October 2024)
Patient Safety Learning posted an article in HSSIB investigations
In this blog, David Fassam, Senior Safety Investigator at the Health Services Safety Investigation Body (HSSIB), looks at one of the methods used in patient safety investigations: the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). FRAM is an analysis method that looks at tasks, known as functions, and their connectivity and dependence on each other which are called aspects. The aspects within FRAM that are used to connect the functions and demonstrate the dependencies are inputs, outputs, preconditions, controls, time and resources.- Posted
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Community Post
Better use of data for medication safety in hospitals
Kenny Fraser posted a topic in Medicine management
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- Urinary tract infections
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
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NHS hospital staff spend countless hours capturing data in electronic prescribing and medicines administration systems. Yet that data remains difficult to access and use to support patient care. This is a tremendous opportunity to improve patient safety, drive efficiencies and save time for frontline staff. I have just published a post about this challenge and Triscribe's solution. I would love to hear any comments or feedback on the topic... How could we use this information better? What are hospitals already doing? Where are the gaps? Thanks- Posted
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- Interoperability
- Precision medicine
- Start-Up
- Safety assessment
- Safety behaviour
- Safety management
- Improved productivity
- Medication - related
- Patient identification
- Patient safety strategy
- Policies
- protocols and procedures
- User-centred design
- Workforce management
- Information sharing
- Staff engagement
- Training
- Time management
- Allergies
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Falls
- Parkinsons disease
- Substance / Drug abuse
- Urinary tract infections
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
- Benchmarking
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Content Article
In a three-part series of blogs for the hub, Norman Macleod explores how systems behave and how the actions of humans and organisations increase risk. In part 1 of this blog series, Norman suggested that measuring safety is problematic because the inherent variability in any system is largely invisible. Unfortunately, what we call safety is largely a function of the risks arising from that variability. In this blog, Norman explores how error might offer a pointer to where we might look. Safety as risk propagation It is common in safety management to talk in terms of hazards. We can identify three classes of hazards: substances or objects that could cause loss or harm; engineered situations where humans engage in activity involving known hazards but under controlled conditions; acts by individuals that inadvertently expose the operation to a hazard (we might call these ‘errors’). Controls are put in place to contain hazards but controls are designed by humans and are fallible. Healthcare is an example of a hazardous condition: things are done to patients that would be illegal if inflicted upon a healthy person. Procedures act as controls in these situations but there is always a tension between work-as-imagined (WAI) and work-as-done (WAD). WAI describes the least-risky solution to a problem that will work in most circumstances (or, at least, those envisaged by the procedure designers), whereas WAD reflects the inherent flexibility needed in the real world. In a study of maritime accidents,[1] it was found that collisions have occurred between ships actively trying to follow the ‘rules of the road.’ Procedures contain affordance spaces, or lacunae, that must be filled by actors applying expertise. Procedures, or rules, form a hierarchy. At the top there are rules about goals: ‘first, do no harm.’ Then there are IF-THEN rules that aid decision-making: IF <symptom> THEN <condition>. The lowest order of rules are task prescriptions: step 1, step 2, step n. As we ascend the hierarchy, actors need more extensive training to cope with the lacunae that invariably exist. Many airlines use a process called the Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA).[2] Trained observers monitor flight crew under normal flight conditions and log departures from procedures, crew responses and subsequent outcomes. In most cases, 95% of errors are inconsequential: error is very much noise in the system. LOSA can let us see what happens when crew attempt to fill in the gaps in procedures. The observer can tag an error as 'intentional’ (an INC) if certain criteria are met and figures of between 8.8% and 26.4% of INC errors have been seen. However, ‘Intentional’ errors are usually attempts to adapt to local circumstances or to solve problems. These departures from prescribed activity reflect system buffering. The outcome of an error can be categorised in LOSA as ‘inconsequential’, can trigger an additional error or results in an ‘Undesired Aircraft State’ (UAS) if the observer feels that safety has been jeopardised. In one study I looked at UASs arising from INCs versus non-intentional errors. INCs were twice as likely to result in a UAS. I then looked at who committed the error. For INCs, captains accounted for 91.66% of UASs compared with 40.6% when the error was non-intentional. The data suggests that agents actively choose courses of action that contravene procedures to maintain the flow of work but those decisions increase risk. Captains are over-represented in the data because they are the primary decision-makers in the team. Ironically, compliance with procedures is often the starting point for any safety investigation. However, rather than police ‘compliance’, organisations should probably find ways to capture variability and render it as knowledge. What error does To view error simply as failure, however, is to miss the fact that they change the work process in a way that needs to be addressed if safety is to be maintained. This can happen in one of three ways. First, they reduce performance margins. Even slight departures from the optimum aircraft configuration mean that, should a subsequent event occur, the crew have less flexibility to respond. In the flight data shown in the previous blog, an aircraft operating in the outer bands of the distribution is migrating towards the margins of the safe space. Something as commonplace as a change in windspeed or direction could result in a critical outcome. Second, error transfers risk when my action affects others. For example, passengers have been killed when aircraft have flown into turbulence. If a pilot delays or fails to turn on the seat belt sign in time the cabin crew and passengers are exposed to risk because they will not have taken steps to protect themselves (such as sitting down or fastening seat belts). Sometimes, and in contravention of procedures, pilots start the ‘after landing’ checklist early to save time. This usually results in pausing the checklist while air traffic control issues directions to the terminal building. LOSA shows that crew then often forget to finish the checklist and aircraft park with the weather radar still turned on, exposing the ground handlers to a radiation hazard. Finally, separation reduction describes the condition where aircraft are placed in closer proximity to hazardous objects (other aircraft, the ground) than was intended. Again, should something happen, the crew will have less time to react. Error, then, can reveal how the risk profile is shaped by the deliberate actions of crew. What goes on here? This examination of normal work suggests two candidate domains for measures of safety. First, what is the organisation’s understanding of the utility of its control structures (policies and procedures, codes of conduct)? How well-written and comprehensive are the structures? Where are the contradictions and ambiguities that flow from multiple stakeholders in the process of oversight? Second, what is the skills mix of those required to work within the system, recognising the need to cope with the variability inherent in the real world. Does the organisation have a competence model for the different functions in the system? What are the risks associated with substituting staff (bank staff, staff on loan)? Conclusion In this post I have looked how workplace variability shapes risk. I have suggested two key aspects of the structure of an organisation – control and competence – that could be candidates for measuring ‘safety’. In my final blog I want to explore how organisations actively design unsafety into their operations. References Belcher P. ‘A Sociological Interpretation of the COLREGS”. Journal of Navigation, 2002; 55(02): 213-224. Klinect JR, 1st Klinect JR. Line Operations Safety Audit: A Cockpit Observation Methodology for Monitoring Commercial Airline Safety Performance. Unpublished PhD thesis, 2005. University of Texas. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Texas. Read part one and part three of Norman's blog series.- Posted
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Content Article
This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The main aim of this systematic review was to identify whether hospital leadership styles predict patient safety as measured through several indicators over time. The second aim was to assess the extent to which the prediction of hospital leadership styles on patient safety indicators varies as a function of the leader's hierarchy level in the organisation.- Posted
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Content Article
Outpatient and daycase hysteroscopy and polypectomy (OPHP) are widely recognised methods for the treatment of endometrial polyps. There have been concerns regarding pain affecting satisfaction and tolerability of the outpatient procedure. Dr Bhawana Purwar and colleagues from the Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust conducted a service evaluation of their outpatient hysteroscopy and polypectomy (OPHP) and compared it with their daycase procedures. They concluded that the OPHP is cost-effective and efficient method with reasonable acceptability. It is well tolerated with remarkable success rates and excellent patient satisfaction. As compared to daycase group, it requires less time for recovery and sooner returns to work.- Posted
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- Womens health
- Hysteroscopy
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News Article
ICB whistleblowing process ‘not fit for purpose’
Patient Safety Learning posted a news article in News
An integrated care board (ICB) has found its handling of whistleblowing “not fit for purpose”, after a complaint about safety incidents not being properly investigated. A report by North West London ICB, obtained by HSJ, states: “The whistleblowing policy is not fit for purpose and requires immediate updating. The [Freedom to Speak Up] Guardian has been left blank and the policy does not include key components of best practice.” It also found the “whistleblower should have been provided with a substantive response to their concerns within 28 days” but in fact waited 98 working days, “due to delays with starting the whistleblowing component of the grievance”. The ICB reviewed its processes after a complaint from a staff member who raised concerns early last year about “a lack of, or poor, response” to reported patient safety incidents in the system, which are meant to be routinely reviewed by ICBs “prior to closure”. Read full story (paywalled) Source: HSJ, 15 February 2024- Posted
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- Integrated Care Provider (ICP)
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News Article
NHS England reinstates central control powers as covid risk rating is increased
Patient Safety Learning posted a news article in News
The NHS has been returned to the highest level of risk on its emergency preparedness framework, a move which allows national leaders tighter control over local resources and decision making. NHS England chief executive Sir Simon Stevens announced the decision at a press conference this morning. He said: “Unfortunately, again we are facing a serious situation [due to rising coronavirus infections and hospital admissions]. That is the reason why at midnight tonight the health service in England will be returning to its highest level of emergency preparedness, EPPR level 4, which of course we had to be at from the end of January to the end of July.” Placing the NHS on level 4 of Emergency Preparedness Reslience and Response framework allows system leaders to take control of decisions over mutual aid and other local priorities. Sir Simon was joined by NHSE/I medical director Steve Powis and Alison Pittard, dean of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine. They used the press conference to stress the threat the NHS faced from the second covid peak, but also set out more positive news on the covid vaccine programme. Read full story Source: HSJ, 4 November 2020 -
Content Article
Measuring a patient’s height is a routine part of a healthcare encounter. But once completed, how often is this information used? For most of us who fall within 95% of the mean population height, this metric is rarely discussed, but what happens when it is overlooked? And what about those on the outer tails of the bell curve of population distribution? Almost 1 million (909,222) adults in the United States are at least 6'4", more than the entire population of South Dakota (884,659). Conversely, an estimated 30,000 Americans have a form of dwarfism, typically defined as an adult height no taller than 4'10". However, despite this prevalence, the healthcare system struggles to provide consistent, adequate care for patients with extreme heights.- Posted
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- Ergonomics
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Content Article
Preventing COVID-19 infections in care homes
Patient Safety Learning posted an article in Guidance
Government guidance on the changes to care home visits. -
Content Article
Patient Safety Movement Foundation is joined in this video by Kourtney Wilson, Clinical Practice Consultant, Regional Patient Care Services, Maternal Child Health-Obstetrical Concentration, Kaiser Permanente, to discuss the need for standardised massive transfusion protocols in the context of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and the common barriers hospitals face in effectively establishing these protocols.- Posted
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- Post partum
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Content Article
ECRI: Wrong-site surgery (14 December 2020)
Patient Safety Learning posted an article in Surgery
Wrong-site surgery is a broad, generic term that encompasses all surgical procedures performed on the wrong patient, the wrong body part, or the wrong side of the body; it can also describe performing the wrong procedure on, or performing on the wrong part of, a correctly identified anatomic site. This guidance from ECRI reviews the various types of wrong-site surgery; discusses the incidence, risk factors, and causes of wrong-site surgery; examines barriers to effective risk reduction; highlights Joint Commission’s elements of performance for the Universal Protocol and other accreditation and regulatory issues; and offers guidance for implementing strategies to prevent the occurrence of wrong-site surgery- Posted
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- Surgery - General
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Content Article
Mölnlycke: SSI Risk Reduction Partnership
Patient Safety Learning posted an article in Surgery
Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) are a problem of increasing concern with major implications for both patients and the NHS. Between 2014 – 2019 SSIs, as a percentage of all healthcare associated infections, jumped from 16% 1 to 20%. It is a growing problem, in need of a solution. Mölnlycke has developed the Risk Reduction Partnership is a new initiative that has been specifically designed to combat the problem and potentially help reduce its incidence and impact.- Posted
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- Surgery - General
- Healthcare associated infection
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Content Article
This document describes how the Surveillance of Surgical Site Infection: Surgical Site Infection Surveillance Service aims to better patient care by asking hospitals to use data obtained from surveillance and compare rates of surgical site infections over time and against a benchmark rate. The aim is also to encourage the use of this information to help guide clinical practice.- Posted
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News Article
Matt Hancock faces judicial review threat over 'do not resuscitate' orders
Patient Safety Learning posted a news article in News
The health secretary Matt Hancock has been threatened with a judicial review amid fears patients’ human rights are at risk from the incorrect use of controversial do not resuscitate orders during the coronavirus pandemic. Ministers have been told they should use emergency powers to issue a direction to doctors and nurses in the NHS requiring them to comply with the law on do not attempt resuscitation orders (DNARS) and to ensure patients are properly consulted. In recent weeks there have been a number of reports of patients having DNARs put in place without their knowledge or in GPs imposing blanket decisions, prompting a warning letter from NHS England’s chief nurse last month. The legal action is being brought by Kate Masters, the daughter of Janet Tracey, who died at Addenbrooke's hospital in 2011 after a DNAR was put in place without her knowledge. In 2014, Tracey's husband David won a landmark victory at the Court of Appeal which gave patients a new legal right to be consulted by doctors when DNARS were being considered. Not consulting a patient was a breach of their human rights, the court ruled. Read full story Source: The Independent, 6 May 2020- Posted
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News Article
All NHS hospitals in England have been ordered to create secure areas for coronavirus testing to “avoid a surge in emergency departments”, according to a leaked NHS letter. Hospitals have been told to create “coronavirus priority assessment pods”, where people will be checked for the virus, which will need to be decontaminated each time they are used. The letter, seen by The Independent and dated 31 January, instructs all chief executives and medical directors to have the pods up and running no later than Friday 7 February. It comes as the global death toll from the virus has reached 565 with around 28,000 infected. One hospital chief executive told The Independent he believed the requirement was “an overreaction”, adding: “I think we should be sending teams out to swab in patients homes as the advice is to stay at home and self-manage as with any other flu". In the letter, Professor Keith Willett, who is leading the NHS’s response to coronavirus, told NHS bosses: “Plans have been developed to avoid a surge in emergency departments due to coronavirus. “Although the risk level in this country remains moderate, and so far there have been only two confirmed cases, the NHS is putting in place appropriate measures to ensure business as usual services remain unaffected by any further cases or tests of coronavirus.” Read full story Source: 5 February 2020- Posted
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- Medicine - Infectious disease
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Content Article
NHS healthcare providers are under constant pressure to make costs savings. There does not appear to be a way to account for the costs of errors, harms and inefficiencies in patient care. If we could account for these costs, then medium to long term plans could be created in order to reduce the costs lost in the consequences of errors, harm and delayed or low-quality care of patients. If we get ‘Care Correct First Time’ then these wasted costs will fall, which could well achieve the 5% savings target within 5 years. Dr Gordon Caldwell proposes a conceptual framework, which would account for these costs wasted on the consequences of error, harm or delays caused by opportunity costs in the inefficient way that frontline staff have to provide patient care.- Posted
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A paper from Sidney Dekker et al. describing a previously unlabelled and under-theorised problem in safety management – ‘safety clutter’. Safety clutter is the accumulation of safety procedures, documents, roles, and activities that are performed in the name of safety, but do not contribute to the safety of operations. Safety clutter is a problem because of the opportunity cost of ineffective activity, because clutter results in cynicism and ‘surface compliance,’ and because clutter can hamper innovation and get in the way of getting work done. The authors of this paper identify three main mechanisms that generate clutter: duplication, generalisation, and over-specification of safety activities. These mechanisms in turn are driven by asymmetry between the ease and the opportunity of adding or expanding safety activities, and the difficulty and lack of opportunity for reducing or removing safety activities. At the end of the paper, the authors provide some concrete suggestions for reducing safety clutter, based on our analysis of the problem.- Posted
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Double-checking the administration of medications has been standard practice in paediatric hospitals around the world for decades, but there is little evidence of its effectiveness in reducing errors or harm. This study in BMJ Quality & Safety measures the association between double-checking and the occurrence and potential severity of medication administration errors. The authors found that: most nurses complied with mandated double-checking, but the process was rarely independent when not carried out independently, double-checking resulted in little difference to the occurrence and severity of errors compared with single-checking where double-checking was not mandated, but was performed, errors were less likely to occur and were less serious. They raise a question about whether the current approach to double-checking is a good use of time and resources, given the limited impact it has on medication administration errors.- Posted
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- Medication
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Content Article
The use of graded exercise therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome has attracted considerable controversy. This controversy relates not only to the disputed evidence for treatment efficacy but also to widespread reports from patients that graded exercise therapy, in particular, has caused them harm. The authors of this study surveyed the NHS–affiliated myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome specialist clinics in England to assess how harms following treatment are detected and to examine how patients are warned about the potential for harms. The study found that clinics were highly inconsistent in their approaches to the issue of treatment-related harm. They placed little or no focus on the potential for treatment-related harm in their written information for patients and for staff. Furthermore, no clinic reported any cases of treatment-related harm, despite acknowledging that many patients dropped out of treatment. The authors recommend that clinics develop standardised protocols for anticipating, recording, and remedying harms, and that these protocols allow for therapies to be discontinued immediately whenever harm is identified.- Posted
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- ME/ Chronic fatigue syndrome
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News Article
Revealed: Dozens of hospitals ignoring NHS safety warnings
Patient Safety Learning posted a news article in News
Dozens of hospital trusts have failed to act on alerts warning that patients could be harmed on its wards, The Independent newspaper has revealed. Almost 50 NHS hospitals have missed key deadlines to make changes to keep patients safe – and now could face legal action. One hospital, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Foundation Trust, has an alert that is more than five years past its deadline date and has still not been resolved. Now the Care Quality Commission (CQC) has warned it will be inspecting hospitals for their compliance with safety alerts and could take action against hospitals ignoring the deadlines. National bodies issue safety alerts to hospitals after patient deaths and serious incidents where a solution has been identified and action needs to be taken. Despite the system operating for almost 20 years, the NHS continues to see patient deaths and injuries from known and avoidable mistakes. NHS national director for safety Aidan Fowler has reorganised the system to send out fewer and simpler alerts with clear actions hospitals need to take, overseen by a new national committee. Last year the CQC made a recommendation to streamline and standardise safety alerts after it investigated why lessons were not being learnt. Professor Ted Baker, Chief Inspector of hospitals, said: “CQC fully supports the recent introduction of the new national patient safety alerts and we have committed to looking closely at how NHS trusts are implementing these safety alerts as part of our monitoring and inspection activity.” He stressed: “Failure to take the actions required under these alerts could lead to CQC taking regulatory action.” Read full story Source: The Independent, 30 December 2019- Posted
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Content Article
Health information technology (HIT) provides many benefits, but also facilitates certain types of errors, such as wrong-patient errors in which one patient is mistaken for another. These errors can have serious patient safety consequences and there has been significant effort to mitigate the risk of these errors through national patient safety goals, in-depth research, and the development of safety toolkits. Nonetheless, these errors persist. Kim et al. analysed 1,189 patient safety event reports using a safety science and resilience engineering approach, which focuses on identifying processes to discover errors before they reach the patient so these processes can be expanded.They analysed the general care processes in which wrong-patient errors occurred, the clinical process step during which the error occurred and was discovered, and whether the error reached the patient. For those errors that reached the patient, they analysed the impact on the patient, and for those that did not reach the patient, they analysed how the error was caught.- Posted
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Wrong-site surgery (WSS) is a well-known type of medical error that may cause a high degree of patient harm. In Pennsylvania, healthcare facilities are mandated to report WSS events, among other patient safety concerns, to the Pennsylvania Patient Safety Reporting System (PA-PSRS) database. In the study, Yonash and Taylor identified instances of WSS events (not including near misses) that occurred during 2015–2019 and were reported to PA-PSRS. During the five-year period, they found that 178 healthcare facilities reported a total of 368 WSS events, which was an average of 1.42 WSS events per week in Pennsylvania.They also found that 76% (278 of 368) of the WSS events contributed to or resulted in temporary harm or permanent harm to the patient. Overall, the study shows that the frequency of WSS varied according to a range of variables, including error type (e.g., wrong side, wrong site, wrong procedure, wrong patient); year; facility type; hospital bed size; hospital procedure location; procedure; body region; body part; and clinician specialty. Our findings are aligned with some of the previous research on WSS; however, the current study also addresses many gaps in the literature. We encourage readers to use the visuals in the manuscript and appendices to gain new insight into the relation among the variables associated with WSS. Ultimately, the findings reported in the current study help to convey a more complete account of the variables associated with WSS, which can be used to assist staff in making informed decisions about allocating resources to mitigate risk.- Posted
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News Article
Woman stored baby’s remains in fridge after London hospital refused them
Patient Safety Learning posted a news article in News
A London hospital has launched an investigation after a woman whose baby died in the womb had to deliver her son at home due to lack of beds and keep his remains in her fridge when A&E staff said they could not store them safely. Laura Brody and her partner, Lawrence, said they were “tipped into hell” after being sent home by university hospital Lewisham to await a bed when told their baby no longer had a heartbeat but no beds were immediately available to give birth, the BBC reported. Two days later, after waking up in severe pain, Brody, who was four months into her pregnancy, gave birth in agony on the toilet in their bathroom. “And it was then,” she told the broadcaster, “I saw it was a boy”. The couple, who wanted investigative tests to be carried out at a later time, dialled 999 but were told it was not an emergency. They wrapped their baby’s remains in a wet cloth, placed him in a Tupperware box, and went to A&E where they were told to wait in the general waiting room, they said. She was eventually taken into a bay and told she would require surgery to remove the placenta. But, with the waiting room hot and stuffy and staff refusing to store the remains or even look inside the Tupperware box, they decided as it got to midnight they had no option but for her partner to take their baby’s remains home. Brody said the whole experience “felt so grotesque”. “When things go wrong with pregnancy there are not the systems in place to help you, even with all the staff and their experts – and they are working really hard – the process is so flawed that it just felt like we had been tipped into hell,” she told Radio 4’s Today programme. The case is said to have raised wider concerns among campaigners who argue that miscarriage care needs to be properly prioritised within hospitals including A&E. Read full story Source: The Guardian, 30 May 2022 -
Content Article
The aim of the study was to create a core outcome set (COS), an agreed set of outcomes that could be measured, and report in all studies an evaluation of the introduction and evaluation of novel surgical techniques. The authors used data from several different sources such as innovation-specific literature, policy/regulatory body documents, and surgeon interviews. The results included 7,972 verbatim outcomes that were identified which were categorized into 32 domains. The researchers conclude the COS could be used to help encourage safer surgical innovation.- Posted
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This article from Petriceks and Schwartz, published in Palliative & Supportive Care, describes a four-element approach centered on Goals, Options, Opinions and Documentation that serves as an effective structure for clinicians to have conversations with patients and families to address care management when the path forward is unclear.- Posted
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- Communication
- Medicine - Palliative
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