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Showing results for tags 'Social determinants of health'.
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Content Article
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NHS England has set a target that cervical cancer will be eliminated in England by 2040. Although progress has been made in detecting and treating cervical cancer, there are still many women who are reluctant to go for cervical screening, or who face barriers to accessing screening. These barriers include perceived discrimination, lack of understanding the risk of cervical cancer and unmet access needs. This contributes to persistent health inequalities amongst particular groups. Patient Safety Learning has pulled together nine useful resources shared on the hub about how to improve access and overcome barriers to cervical screening. 1. Cervical screening, my way: Women's attitudes and solutions to improve uptake of cervical screening This research by Healthwatch explored why some women are hesitant to go for cervical screening. Based on the findings of a survey of more than 2,400 women who were hesitant about screening, it makes recommendations to policymakers on how to improve uptake, including: improvements to the way data about the disability and ethnicity of people attending screening. producing an NHS-branded trauma card for affected women to bring to appointments. ensuring staff are effectively trained on accessibility and adjustments to care. looking at the possibility of home-based self-screening. 2. Exploring the inequalities of women with learning disabilities deciding to attend and then accessing cervical and breast cancer screening, using the Social Ecological Model Women with learning disabilities are less likely to access cervical and breast cancer screening when compared to the general population. In this study, the Social Ecological Model (SEM) was used to examine the inequalities faced by women with learning disabilities in accessing cervical and breast cancer screening in England. The study highlights key barriers to access for women with learning disabilities. 3. “We’re not taken seriously”: Describing the experiences of perceived discrimination in medical settings for Black women Black women continue to experience disparities in cervical cancer despite targeted efforts. One potential factor affecting screening and prevention is discrimination in medical settings. This US study in the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities describes experiences of perceived discrimination in medical settings for Black women and explores the impact of this on cervical cancer screening and prevention. The authors suggest that future interventions should address the poor quality of medical encounters that Black women experience. 4. Top tips for healthcare professionals: Cervical screenings This article by the Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists and the My Body Back Project offers tips for healthcare professionals to make cervical cancer screening attendees feel as comfortable as possible during their appointments. Cervical screening can be very daunting for some women, and for those who have experienced sexual violence it can be triggering and cause emotional distress. The article provides tips on communication, making the environment calm and safe, sharing control and building trust with women. 5. The Eve Appeal: What adjustments can you ask for at your cervical screening? The Eve Appeal want to raise awareness of what adaptations women and people with a cervix can ask for during their screening to make the appointment more comfortable. 6. How can reframing women’s health improve outcomes? An interview with Dr Marieke Bigg Dr Marieke Bigg is the author of a 2023 book, This won’t hurt: How medicine fails women. In this interview, Marieke discusses how societal ideas about the female body have restricted the healthcare system’s approach to women’s health and describes the impact this has had on health outcomes. She also highlights areas where the health system is reframing its approach by listening to the needs of women and describes how simple changes, such as allowing women to carry out their own cervical screening at home, can make a big difference. 7. Having a smear test. What is it about? This download A4 Easy Read booklet from Jo's Cervical Cancer Trust uses simple language and pictures to talk about smear tests. It explains what a smear test is, has tips for the person having the test and has a list of words they might hear at their appointment. 8. Health Improvement Scotland: Cervical screening standards Published by Healthcare Improvement Scotland in March, the new cervical screening standards include recommendations to ensure women receive accessible letters and information about screening and healthcare professionals are trained to support women to make informed choices. 9. Cervical cancer screening in women with physical disabilities This US study explored how the cervical cancer screening experiences of women with physical disabilities (WWPD) can be improved. Interviews with WWPD indicated that access to self-sampling options would be more comfortable for cervical cancer screening participation. The authors highlight that these findings that can inform the promotion of self-sampling devices for cervical cancer screening. Have your say Are you a healthcare professional who works in women’s health or cancer services? We would love to hear your insights and share resources you have developed. Perhaps you have an experience of cervical screening or cervical cancer that you would like to share? We would love to hear from you! Comment below (register as a hub member for free first) Get in touch with us directly to share your insights -
News ArticlePeople from minority ethnic backgrounds in the most deprived areas of England are up to three times more likely to need emergency treatment for asthma than their white counterparts, analysis has found. Analysis of NHS statistics conducted by the charity Asthma and Lung UK found that Asian people with asthma from the most deprived quintile in England are almost three times more likely to have an emergency admission to hospital than their white counterparts. Black people with asthma in the most deprived quintile are more than twice as likely than their white counterparts to be admitted to hospital. People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) aged between 45 and 54 in the most deprived quintile are nine times more likely to be admitted as an emergency than those in the least deprived quintile, according to the analysis. Sarah Sleet, the charity’s chief executive, said the figures highlighted “shocking health inequalities in our society”. Sleet said: “The UK has the worst death rate in Europe for lung conditions and they are more closely linked to inequality than any other major health condition. The fact that people from the most deprived communities and from ethnic minority backgrounds are much more likely to reach crisis point is yet another wake-up call. “Social disadvantages – including poor housing, mould, damp and air pollution – can both cause chronic lung conditions and make them worse. And it’s the poorest in society and those in ethnic minority communities who are more likely to be living in low-quality housing and in areas with high levels of air pollution.” Read full story Source: The Guardian, 12 May 2025
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Content Article
WHO World report on social determinants of health equity confirms that our health and wellbeing depends on much more than our genes and access to health care. To reduce these avoidable and unjust health gaps we must address the non-medical root causes that shape most of our health and wellbeing. Unacceptable gaps persist in how long people can expect to live healthy lives depending on where they live, the communities they belong to, their education level, their race and ethnicity, their income and wealth, their gender and whether they have a disability. The social determinants of health equity - that is, the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, and people’s access to power, money, and resources—have a powerful influence on these avoidable and unjust health gaps. This comprehensive World report on social determinants of health equity, as requested by resolution WHA74.16, reviews the insufficient progress on meeting the Commission on Social Determinants of Health’s targets on achieving health equity and focuses the narrative and action agenda on what produces and reproduces health inequities and what proven policy remedies are available. The report includes 14 specific recommendations for action within four action areas. Country examples throughout the report showcase actions and diverse strategies for actioning the report’s recommendations across different contexts. The report aims to inform global, national and local policymaking, providing a foundation for coordinated action and investment in social determinants of health equity. The report was developed with input from scientific and policy advisory groups, commissioned papers and evidence reviews, extensive internal contributions across the three levels of WHO, and consultation with Member States through the Executive Board and World Health Assembly. -
News Article
NHS ‘should give councils more grief’ on health
Patient Safety Learning posted a news article in News
The 10-Year Plan’s focus on the NHS risks sidelining the need for more effective action by national and local government on prevention, public health directors are warning. Association of Directors of Public Health president Greg Fell also told HSJ integrated care boards should “give us [councils] more grief” to take more action on prevention, rather than prioritising NHS upstream interventions that are not as effective as primary prevention. Mr Fell, director of public health at Sheffield City Council, said policy makers, NHS leaders and media too often looked to growing “preventive” treatments – such as weight management treatment, and weight-loss drugs – as the solution to problems like growing obesity and falling healthy life expectancy. He said the routine “framing” of prevention as something the NHS can solve with upstream treatments risked diverting from national and local government actions that could make a much bigger difference. Mr Fell said such interventions – and the high-profile GLP-1 drugs for obesity – may be worthwhile, but for overcoming the big health threats were “like emptying an ocean with a teaspoon or, being kind, a soup ladle”. He said: “The answer is way upstream of better treatment. [It] is effective regulation of junk food industries, and that isn’t primarily a Department of Health and Social Care thing, and certainly not an NHS problem. It’s a problem across the government.” Mr Fell said he expected the 10-Year Plan “would be pretty good” but means “the bandwidth has been taken by the NHS”. He called for government to outline its plan for preventive cross-government action as part of its health mission, beginning a “debate about the right mix of policies” across multiple government departments, local government, and others. “We haven’t yet seen much on the health mission,” the director of public health said, adding that it would need to cover tobacco control, alcohol, air quality, obesity, and “how does all that hang together across the totality of government?” Read full story (paywalled) Source: HSJ, 31 March 2025 -
Content ArticleThis article, co-authored by IHI President Emeritus and Senior Fellow Don Berwick, highlights how healthcare in the US is failing patients and presents a vision of a system that better supports the nation’s needs.
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Content ArticleIt has long been known that a focus on early intervention and prevention in the early years can prevent ill health in the future. With the mental and physical health outcomes of children in England on a downward spiral, the new government’s commitment to raising ‘the healthiest generation of children ever’ has been warmly welcomed by the children’s sector. This blog by Jessica Holden, Policy Adviser at the King's Fund, looks at whether this sentiment will be met with the action needed to address the scale of the challenge.
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Content ArticleFrequent attendance at A&E—when a person goes to A&E five times or more in a year—is often because someone desperately needs help and care yet they have nowhere else to turn. Unmet social, emotional and practical needs can drive their physical and mental ill health to crisis point. A&E too often serves as a last resort when someone has not received, or cannot access, appropriate care and support earlier. Supporting people to get the help they need before this point improves their health and wellbeing, and reduces pressures on A&E and ambulance services. This research from the British Red Cross aims to deepen understanding of the needs of people who frequently attended A&E in Dorset. The findings and recommendations set out in this report reflect the importance of addressing health inequalities and highlight areas for national and local focus to better support people who frequently attend A&E. Key findings People who frequently attend A&E constitute a small and vulnerable minority of people in Dorset who struggled to get the support they needed for their clinical and non-clinical care needs. They made up a significant proportion of A&E attendances, 1.7 per cent of Dorset’s population account for 13.8 per cent of the county’s A&E attendances. There is a clear relationship between socio-economic deprivation and frequent A&E attendance. People who frequently attended A&E were 72 per cent more likely to live in Dorset’s most deprived areas. Hospital visits among people frequently attending in Dorset were more likely to be classed as urgent cases and have an emergency admission. Two groups made up around 70 per cent people frequently attending in the county: people over 70, most of who had multiple long-term conditions and people aged 20-49, particularly women aged 20-29 with high levels of mental ill health and a significant link with deprivation. More than a third (36 per cent) of frequent attendance periods by people in this second group required a new mental health referral. 70.2 per cent of these were closed within seven days. This does not include ‘did not attends’. There were increased rates of frequent A&E attendance, primary care use and mental health referrals among children and young people aged 19 and under following the height of Covid-19. Recommendations Continue to roll out and expand HIU services. Increase the breadth and availability of accessible, linked data, and harness it to identify people at risk of frequent attendance and opportunities for targeted support. Improve availability of, and access to, mental health support, with a particular focus on community services. Further develop multidisciplinary proactive care in primary care for people with long-term conditions, prioritising people most at risk of experiencing poor health outcomes due to other risk factors. Ensure that funding and performance measures support a preventative community-based approach which addresses nonclinical drivers of frequent attendance at A&E. Align targets and funding to support sustainable action on health inequalities.
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Content ArticleHealth disparities are systemic and deeply rooted in social and economic inequities. Patients living in deprived areas, from racially minoritised communities, or facing additional challenges such as homelessness or intellectual disabilities experience worse health outcomes. These disparities are compounded by mistrust in healthcare, low health literacy, cultural barriers, and discrimination. This report focuses on patients with blood disorders and/or cancers who experience health inequalities, and therefore have worse outcomes and experiences of care than patients who don’t. We looked at how social and economic factors affect the health of people living with blood disorders and cancer. Report key findings: Patients living with cancer and/or blood disorders experience significant barriers to care including delays in diagnosis, unequal access to services, and systemic discrimination, These patients also reported challenges navigating healthcare, a lack of communication, and economic burdens such as high transportation and medication costs, Social determinants of health like inadequate housing and living in deprived areas further worsened outcomes, Participants emphasised mistrust in the healthcare system, particularly among racially minoritised and LGBTQ+ communities, and highlighted the need for better coordination, cultural sensitivity training, and localised services. The project involved a literature review on health disparities and social determinants affecting patients with cancer and blood disorders. Discussions were held with local and condition-specific charities, and we conducted focus groups and a case study interview with patients and carers. These efforts aimed to gather diverse perspectives and first-hand accounts of lived experiences.
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Content ArticleThe estimated number of Americans who are medically disenfranchised—at risk of lacking access to primary care due to an inadequate supply in their local community—has nearly doubled since 2014. The insufficient number of primary care providers in the United States poses a serious public health threat, leaving nearly one-third of the population vulnerable to preventable chronic diseases and emerging threats like Covid-19 and influenza. This report describes America’s medically disenfranchised population and how, with expanded resources, Community Health Centers can begin to address gaps in primary care.
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Content ArticleThe Maternal, Newborn and Infant Clinical Outcome Review Programme has published an MBRRACE-UK Perinatal Confidential Enquiry report on the care of recent migrant women with language barriers who have experienced a stillbirth or neonatal death. Looking at the care of 25 women and their babies, this report found that services did not meet the needs of these women effectively. Other key findings include: 96% of the women had a documented need for an interpreter, however, only 27% took place with a documented professional interpreter over 589 separate contacts with healthcare services. 68% of women didn’t book their pregnancy, or booked late in their pregnancy, highlighting gaps in antenatal care. Only 51% of women whose baby died received documented bereavement care in the community. There was a lack of research to inform service development for women new to the UK and non-English speakers. Recommendations In addition to stating the continued relevance of previous recommendations, this report contains five new recommendations for improvement: Ensure that the number of women who require language support, and the support provided at each visit, is recorded systematically. This includes documenting the use of professional interpreting services at clinical care interactions and when supporting women through the navigation of care pathways, as well as recording when these services are not available. The resulting data should be used to implement quality improvement measures, and be assessed against existing NICE guidance. Ensure services provide advocacy for women who have been in the UK for less than a year, or do not speak or understand English, to support care navigation. This should incorporate midwifery and obstetric care when indicated. Support research to understand women’s and healthcare professionals’ views on the barriers and facilitators to accessing and navigating maternity and neonatal care for women who have been in the UK for less than a year, or do not speak or understand English and require professional interpreting services. Use the findings to co-design services. Pilot the provision of an initial assessment appointment for migrant women of childbearing age when they first access health care services. The purpose would be to carry out a holistic assessment of their reproductive healthcare needs, provide information about reproductive health and availability of maternity services, and to understand any concerns they may have about accessing healthcare services. Develop provision for multiple routes of access to maternity care. These routes should include the ability for a health or social care professional, in any setting, to make a direct referral to maternity services on behalf of a woman with her consent.
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News Article
British Bangladeshi men have highest rates of lung cancer in England
Patient Safety Learning posted a news article in News
British Bangladeshi men have the highest rates of lung cancer in England, according to a study that reveals clear patterns in how the disease affects different communities in the country. Disparities that go beyond smoking have been revealed by the University of Oxford researchers’ analysis of 17.5 million people’s health records and 84,000 lung cancer cases. The findings, from Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, coincide with the rollout of the targeted lung health check programme across England, which aims to reach 40% of the eligible population by March 2025 and 100% by 2030. The new research found “ethnic background and social circumstances” are crucial factors in cancer risk, how it develops, and the type. Lung cancer occurred twice as frequently in the most deprived areas compared with the least – with 215 cases per 100,000 people among men in the poorest areas, compared with 94 cases in the most affluent, the study found. For women, rates in the most deprived areas were at 147 per 100,000, compared with 62 in the least deprived. Bangladeshi men showed the highest lung cancer rates, followed by white, Chinese and Caribbean men. Prof Julia Hippisley-Cox, a senior author of the study, said: “We need to ensure our cancer services are reaching all communities effectively and that everyone has the same opportunity for early diagnosis. “Tackling these disparities isn’t just about lung cancer: when we address these fundamental inequalities in healthcare access and social deprivation, we can improve health outcomes across many conditions.” Read full story Source: The Guardian, 14 November 2024 -
EventuntilThe University of Manchester’s Healthier Futures Research Platform is mobilising research across disciplines at the University of Manchester to address health inequalities and ensure healthier futures for all. The University of Manchester's Healthier Futures research platform is hosting its inaugural annual lecture event, taking place at the Renold Innovation Hub, in Manchester's Sister innovation district, on the evening of 28 November 2024. Join the University of Manchester's President, Professor Duncan Ivison, and Director of Healthier Futures, Professor Dame Nicky Cullum, for this year’s opening lecture, which will be delivered by Dr Cordelle Ofori, Director of Public Health for Manchester. Cordelle will focus on health inequalities in Manchester and beyond. The lecture will start at 6.00pm, and will be followed by a Q&A session and drink’s reception. This event marks the beginning of an annual tradition that aims to foster interdisciplinary connections, share innovative research, and inspire collaborative efforts to address pressing health inequalities and challenges. Register for the event
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News Article
Austerity increased rates of premature births in UK, research says
Patient Safety Learning posted a news article in News
Austerity measures, originally introduced by the coalition government in 2010, led to a dramatic increase in premature births and low-weight births, a new study has shown. Birth rates in Scotland found “marked increases” in babies born smaller or prematurely were particularly evident in the most deprived areas, according to the researchers. The study, published in the European Journal of Medicine, showed trends in low birth rates and premature birth changes within one to three years after austerity was implemented. Premature birth was the main driver of smaller weights. For babies born in the 20 per cent most deprived areas premature birth rates increased by around 25 per cent, after declining year on year prior 2012. Researchers said: “Hugely concerning changes to health outcomes have been observed in the UK since the early 2010s, including reductions in life expectancy and widening of inequalities. These have been attributed to UK government ‘austerity’ policies which have profoundly affected poorer populations.” Read full story Source: The Independent, 3 November 2024 -
Content ArticleSocioeconomic inequality in infant mortality in the UK is rising. This study published in The Lancet Regional Health Europe aimed to identify contributory maternal and pregnancy factors that can explain the known association between area deprivation and infant mortality. In this large cohort study of 392,606 mother-child dyads in England, the study showed a marked inequality in infant mortality risk. Of the 23 factors examined, four factors were identified as potentially important: maternal depression, preterm birth, smoking during pregnancy, and maternal age younger than 20 years at childbirth. These four collectively accounted for almost one-third of the socioeconomic inequality in mortality.
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Content ArticleThis review by the UCL Institute of Health Equity (IHE) concludes that racism damages health and wellbeing and drives inequalities in London. Racism in the capital is widespread and persistent causing damage to individuals, communities and society as a whole. Its impacts are experienced in different ways and to varying levels of intensity related to individual experiences, socioeconomic position and other dimensions of exclusion such as disability, age and gender. The intersections with other dimensions of exclusion can amplify the effects of racism. The focus of this review is on the effects of racism on health and its contribution to avoidable inequalities in health between ethnic groups – a particularly unacceptable form of health inequity. It is urgent that society tackle the damage to health and wellbeing as a result of racism. The review is part of a series of evidence reviews funded by the Greater London Authority (GLA) to build the evidence for reducing health inequalities in London through action on specific social determinants of health. The other three reviews cover housing, the cost of living and adult skills.
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EventThe Health Equity Network (HEN) 2024 conference will take place on Tuesday 8 October in Birmingham. The agenda will feature an excellent array of speakers and a discussion panel. HEN also plans to announce the result of applications to the Health Equity Fund. Registration details will be published soon.
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EventDecades of research has shown that the health of the population in England is unequal, with people who live in more deprived areas experiencing illness earlier in life and dying younger. Previous Health Foundation analysis has projected that 9.3 million people could be living with major illness by 2040, which is 2.6 million, or 39%, more people than in 2019. In April, the Health Foundation’s REAL Centre published its second report in their ‘Health in 2040’ series, this time exploring how current patterns of ill health vary with deprivation across England, and to what extent this is projected to change by 2040. The findings have important implications for health inequality among the working age population and how it poses a challenge to labour supply and economic growth. This webinar will convene experts to explore what the findings mean for how we might need to change as a society, and what can we do to better prepare for the future. Register
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Content ArticleThe early use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) improves outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This study in the journal Heart investigated AED access across Great Britain according to socioeconomic deprivation. The authors found that in England and Scotland, there are differences in distances to the nearest 24/7 accessible AED between the most and least deprived communities. They concluded that equitable access to ‘out-of-hours’ accessible AEDs may improve outcomes for people with OHCA.
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Content ArticlePeople living in deprived areas experience the most significant health inequalities in terms of access, experience and outcomes. There are large reductions in life expectancy for those living in the most deprived areas compared to people living in the least deprived areas. NHS England commissioned a research project into access, experience and outcomes related to health services in socio-economically deprived communities. This communications and engagement toolkit is an output of the research. The toolkit is designed to be used by communications and engagement professionals and others across the NHS with a responsibility for communicating to and engaging with people in the most deprived areas. This toolkit provides: Information on who lives in the most deprived areas – for example by age, ethnicity and education. General principles to consider when developing communications and engagement materials for people living in deprived areas. Guidance to use when communicating about specific services – for example accessing GPs or mental health services. Considerations regarding opportunities to use communications to improve interactions between healthcare professionals and patients living in deprived areas. A communications and engagement checklist to use when developing materials. It is not necessary to read the whole toolkit. You can access what is most relevant to you. Click the boxes at the top of each slide to navigate to the sections that are useful to you. Click the ‘home’ icon in the top right of the page to return to the start and select a new topic.
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Content ArticleThere are an estimated 363,000 adults experiencing multiple disadvantage in England—they may be experiencing a combination of homelessness, substance misuse, mental health issues, domestic abuse and contact with the criminal justice system. The Changing Futures programme works in partnership in local areas and across government to test innovative approaches and drive lasting change across the whole system, in order to provide better outcomes for adults experiencing multiple disadvantage. This prospectus provides information for partnerships interested in submitting an expressions of interest to be part of the Changing Futures programme.
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Content ArticleToo many women are dying from disadvantage in one of the poorest parts of England, according to ground breaking new research which serves as an urgent wake-up call for levelling up efforts. The report by Agenda Alliance and Changing Lives, Dismantling disadvantage has found that in 2021 a woman in the North East of England was 1.7 times more likely to die early as a result of suicide, addiction, or murder by a partner or family member than in the rest of England and Wales. Today’s new research was conducted to better understand the lives and needs of disadvantaged women in the North East, including Newcastle, coastal areas and Gateshead and Sunderland; some of the poorest regions in the country. Working with women with lived experience at every stage, the study involved 18 in-depth interviews, 47 survey responses; focus groups; data analysis and multiple meetings with affected women, practitioners and policy makers.
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Content ArticleSepsis, characterised by significant morbidity and mortality, is intricately linked to socioeconomic disparities and pre-admission clinical histories. This study in eClinical Medicine looked at the association between non-COVID-19 related sepsis and health inequality risk factors amidst the pandemic in England, with a secondary focus on their association with 30-day sepsis mortality. It found that socioeconomic deprivation, comorbidity and learning disabilities were associated with an increased odds of developing non-COVID-19 related sepsis and 30-day mortality in England. This study highlights the need to improve the prevention of sepsis, including more precise targeting of antimicrobials to higher-risk patients. It also revealed that people with learning disabilities were almost four times as likely to develop the life-threatening illness. People with chronic liver disease were just over three times as likely, and chronic kidney disease stage 5 over 6 times more likely to develop non-COVID-19 sepsis. Cancer, neurological disease, immunosuppressive conditions, and having multiple prior courses of antibiotics were also associated with developing non-COVID-19 sepsis.
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Content ArticleAortic valve replacement (AVR) is a life-saving procedure for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS), which relieves symptoms, increases life expectancy and improves quality of life. Little is known about the rate of AVR provision by gender, race or social deprivation level in the NHS across England. However, a large analysis examining AVR on the health service in England – the first of its kind – reveals striking inequalities in its provision. Women, black and Asian people, and those living in the poorest parts of the country are much less likely to receive the life-saving procedure, the study shows. “In this large, national dataset, female gender, black or south Asian ethnicities and high deprivation were associated with significantly reduced odds of receiving AVR in England,” the authors wrote. Dr Clare Appleby, a consultant cardiologist at the Liverpool Heart and Chest hospital NHS foundation trust and an author of the study, said public health initiatives to understand and tackle these inequalities should be prioritised. “Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis is a serious disease that causes mortality and reduces quality of life for patients,” she said. “Left untreated it has a worse prognosis than many common metastatic cancers, with average survival being 50% at two years, and around 20% at five years.” Further research and public health initiatives to understand and address inequalities in the timely provision of AVR are important and should be prioritised in England.
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Content ArticleThe latest data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) provides the most comprehensive and up to date national profile of ethnic inequalities in mortality overall and from common physical conditions. It shows a complex picture of ethnic inequalities in mortality in England, with differences between people from ethnic minority and the White British groups, between different ethnic minority groups, and across different health conditions. This King's Fund blog looks at the complex interplay of factors drives ethnic differences in health.
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Content ArticleA global shortage of an estimated 18 million health workers is anticipated by 2030, a record 130 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance, and there is the global threat of pandemics such as COVID-19. At least 400 million people worldwide lack access to the most essential health services, and every year 100 million people are plunged into poverty because they have to pay for healthcare out of their own pockets. There is, therefore, an urgent need to find innovative strategies that go beyond the conventional health-sector response. WHO recommends self-care interventions for every country and economic setting as critical components on the path to reaching universal health coverage (UHC), promoting health, keeping the world safe and serving the vulnerable.
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