The impact of definitions of disease on overdiagnosis (9 June 2025)

Summary

The concept and definition of disease influences both clinical practice and public health. The World Health Organization has defined health but failed to define disease. The contemporary concept of disease emerges from biology but is influenced by social, cultural, and economic factors. Definitions are important, as how we label a condition can determine how society perceives, manages, and supports patients. Continuously expanding disease criteria can reduce underdiagnosis and increase appropriate care, but often risk overdiagnosis, resulting in overtreatment and low-value care, ultimately threatening health care sustainability.