Urinary tract infection (UTI) was identified as the main reason to call a GP out-of-hours or to result in an unplanned admission to hospital from residential and nursing homes. Care home staff were using a urine dipstick to diagnose a urinary tract infection then calling a health care professional (HCP) for antibiotics, resulting in inappropriate use of antibiotics and over-treating what is perceived as a UTI in the absence of clinical symptoms.